There are multiple mentioning of German label «Adler» as one of the pioneers in “piratical business” in Russia. It is known, that in 1890 the company located in Leipzig and was involved in manufacturing of music boxes. Probably with the beginning of the “Gramophone boom” the company moved to Berlin and switched to manufacturing of “vertical cut” phonographs. In 1900 the it appeared under “Adler Phonograph Company” name located at Ritter-Strasse 93, Berlin. In 1928 Adler Phonograph AG merged with Clemens Claus AG (Clausophon) and began manufacturing of gramophones keeping the name «Adler» until 1938. Issuing “piratical” record for the Russian Gramophone market apparently was its “side business.”